Kodi Mano a Caterpillar Amtengo Wapatali Ndi Oyenera Kugula mu 2025?

Kodi Mano a Caterpillar Amtengo Wapatali Ndi Oyenera Kugula mu 2025?

Mano a Caterpillar a Aftermarketamapereka ndalama zambiri zosungira mu 2025. Ogulitsa ambiri amapereka15 mpaka 30 peresenti kuchotsera pamitengo ya opanga zida zoyambirira (OEMs)Izi zikuyimira kufunika kwakukuluMtengo wa OEM poyerekeza ndi mtengo wa aftermarketkusiyana.

Zipangizo zogwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo poti zawonongeka komanso ogulitsa zida zogwirira ntchito pansi angakupulumutseni ndalama zokwana 15 mpaka 30 peresenti pamtengo wa opanga zida zoyambirira (OEMs), ndipo mwina angakulitse nthawi yogwirira ntchito.
Kusankha mosamala kumatsimikizira kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino komanso kulimba. Kugula zinthu mwanzeru pa zinthu zomwe zagulitsidwa kale kumawonjezera magwiridwe antchito.Ubwino wa mano a CATyapita patsogolo kwambiri.

Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri

  • Mano a Caterpillar a AftermarketSungani ndalama. Zimawononga ndalama zochepa ndi 15 mpaka 30 peresenti poyerekeza ndi zida zoyambirira.
  • Mano a aftermarket tsopano ndi abwino kwambiri. Amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zolimba komanso mapangidwe abwino. Izi zimapangitsa kuti azigwira ntchito bwino komanso ngati ziwalo zoyambirira.
  • Sankhani wogulitsa wanu mosamala. Yang'ananikhalidwe labwinondi chitsimikizo champhamvu. Izi zimakuthandizani kupewa zinthu zoipa ndi mavuto.

Kusinthika kwa Mano a Caterpillar mu 2025

Kupita Patsogolo Pakupanga ndi Zipangizo

Opanga zinthu zakale asintha kwambiri njira zawo zopangira zinthu komanso sayansi ya zinthu. Tsopano akugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapamwamba zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunuka. Mwachitsanzo,Chitsulo cha alloy chokhala ndi chromium ndi molybdenum chimawonjezera kuuma ndi kukana kuvalaChitsulo cha Manganese ndi chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri; chimapereka mphamvu zolimbitsa ntchito, ndipo chimakhala cholimba kwambiri chikagunda. Izi zimapangitsa kuti chikhale choyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamavuto aakulu komanso okhwima. Opanga amagwiritsanso ntchito chitsulo cha nickel-chromium-molybdenum, chomwe chimapereka mphamvu zambiri, kulimba, komanso kukana kuvala. Pa malo okhwima kwambiri, tungsten carbide inserts imapereka kukana kwabwino kwambiri kwa kuvala. Zitsulo zapamwamba monga Hardox 400 ndi AR500 zimapereka kuuma kwa Brinell kwa 400-500, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuvala kukhale kolimba kwambiri. Chitsulo cha manganese chokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri chili ndi mphamvu yapadera yolimbitsa ntchito, zomwe zimawonjezera kuuma pogwiritsa ntchito kuyambira pa 240 HV mpaka kupitirira 670 HV m'malo okalamba. Zatsopanozi zimathandiza mwachindunji kuti zinthu zikhale zolimba komanso zamoyo zizikhala nthawi yayitali.

Kutseka Kusiyana kwa Magwiridwe Antchito ndi OEM

Kupita patsogolo kwa zinthu ndi kupanga kumeneku kumalola ogulitsa zinthu zomwe zagulitsidwa kale kuti atseke kusiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito ndi Opanga Zida Zoyambirira (OEMs).Mano a Caterpillar a Aftermarket nthawi zambiri amapereka magwiridwe antchito ofanana kapena apamwamba kwambiri. Kuyesa kokhwima komanso njira zowongolera khalidwe zimaonetsetsa kuti zinthuzi zikukwaniritsa miyezo yofunikira yogwirira ntchito. Sayansi yowonjezereka ya zinthu imatanthauza kuti mano awa amatha kupirira bwino mavuto. Ogwiritsa ntchito sakhala ndi nthawi yogwira ntchito chifukwa cha kuwonongeka msanga kapena kulephera. Kudalirika kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti zosankha zomwe zachitika pambuyo pake zikhale zolimbana kwambiri ndi zida za OEM.

Kugwira Ntchito Moyenera kwa Mano a Caterpillar a Aftermarket

Kusunga Mtengo Wogulira Mwachindunji

Ogulitsa zinthu za aftermarket nthawi zambiri amapereka ndalama zochepa poyerekeza ndi Opanga Zida Zoyambirira (OEMs). Ogula nthawi zambiri amatha kusunga 15 mpaka 30 peresenti pamtengo wogulira mwachindunji. Ndalama zimenezi zimachokera ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Makampani a aftermarket nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ndalama zochepa zogulira. Angathenso kukhala akatswiri pazinthu zinazake, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale kupanga bwino. Ubwino wa mtengo wa mwachindunji uwu umapangitsa kutizosankha za pambuyo pa msikachisankho chokongola pa ntchito zambiri.

Ndalama Zonse Zoganizira za Eni ake

Mtengo weniweni wa zida zogwirira ntchito pansi umapitirira mtengo wogulira woyamba. Ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kuganizira mtengo wonse wa umwini. Kusankha bwino Zida Zogwirira Ntchito Pansi (GET) kumakhudza mwachindunji kupanga kwa makina, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta, komanso ndalama zokonzera. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito mano otopa kwambiri kumakakamiza zida kugwira ntchito molimbika. Izi zimawonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndikufulumizitsa kuwonongeka kwa makina onse okumba.

Mano a chidebe amawonjezera luso lokumba. Amapereka mpata wofunikira, womwe umathandiza kuchepetsa mphamvu yofunikira pakukumba. Izi zimawonjezera kupanga bwino kwa makinawo ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta. Zimatetezanso chidebecho kuti chisawonongeke kwambiri. Mkhalidwe wa mano a chidebe umakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito a chidebe, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mafuta, komanso ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Mano okonzedwa bwino amatha kuwonjezera liwiro la kukumba ndi 20%, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zisungidwe bwino. Kuchita bwino kwambiriMano a Mbalame ya Pambuyo pa Msikazingawonjezerenso nthawi yogwira ntchito ya zidebe ndi 15%, kuchepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito.Mano ena a pambuyo pake amapereka mtengo wabwino kwambiri, ena angawononge khalidwe lawokuti tipeze ndalama zochepa, zomwe zingakhudze magwiridwe antchito. Chifukwa chake, kuwunika mosamala ubwino ndi magwiridwe antchito ndikofunikira kuti tipeze ndalama zosungira nthawi yayitali komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino.

Kugwira Ntchito ndi Kulimba kwa Mano a Caterpillar a Aftermarket

Kugwira Ntchito ndi Kulimba kwa Mano a Caterpillar a Aftermarket

Sayansi Yazinthu ndi Kuchiza Kutentha

Maziko a zida zolimba zogwirira ntchito pansi ali mu sayansi yapamwamba ya zinthu ndi chithandizo cholondola cha kutentha. Opanga amasankha mosamala mitundu yeniyeni ya aloyi kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zawo zosweka. Aloyi awa amapereka mphamvu ndi kukana kuvulala ndi kukhudzidwa. Njira zochiritsira kutentha zimawonjezeranso mphamvu izi.

  • Kuchiza kutentha, kuphatikizapo njira monga kuzimitsa, kumawonjezera kuuma ndi kukana kuwonongeka kwa mano a chidebe.
  • Mayeso a kuuma amachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito choyezera kuuma. Mayeso awa amatsimikizira kuti mano a chidebecho akukwaniritsa zofunikira pa kapangidwe kake.

Njira zochizira kutentha zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mano ofukula a CaterpillarIzi zimawonjezera kuuma kwawo ndi kulimba kwawo. Gome ili pansipa likuwonetsa kuuma kwawo ndi mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zabwino zogwirira ntchito pansi.

Kufotokozera kwa Gawo Kuuma Mphamvu Yokhudza Kugunda (kutentha kwa chipinda)
Mano HRC48-52 ≥18J
Adaputala HRC36-44 ≥20J

Mafotokozedwe awa akuwonetsa miyezo yokhwima yomwe ogulitsa omwe agulitsa pambuyo pa malonda amasunga. Amaonetsetsa kuti zinthu zawo zikupirira zovuta zogwirira ntchito.

Kapangidwe ka Uinjiniya ka Ntchito Zinazake

Kupatula kapangidwe ka zinthu, kapangidwe kake kamagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakugwira ntchito kwa zida zogwirira ntchito pansi. Ntchito zosiyanasiyana zimafuna mbiri ya mano kuti zigwire bwino ntchito komanso kuchepetsa kuwonongeka. Mwachitsanzo,Mano a Caterpillar K Series ali ndi mawonekedwe okongola komanso amphamvu kwambiriKapangidwe kameneka kamathandizira kulowa kwa zinthu ndikuwongolera kuyenda kwa zinthu. Kamapangitsa kuti zinthu zilowe bwino komanso kuti zigwire bwino ntchito. Kapangidwe kameneka ndi koyenera makamaka m'malo opangira zinthu zambiri. Kamachita bwino kwambiri pogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zomwe zimafuna kulowa bwino komanso mphamvu yotulukira. Zitsanzo zake ndi monga kufukula miyala yolimba, kukumba miyala, ndi kumanga zinthu zolemera. Mawonekedwe abwino a mano a K Series amalimbikitsanso kuyenda bwino kwa zinthu. Izi zimawonjezeranso ntchito.

Mano a K Series amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolimba komanso zosatha. Amaphatikizapo zitsulo zopangidwa mwapadera za DH-2 ndi DH-3. Opanga amagwiritsa ntchito kutentha pa zinthuzi. Izi zimawonjezera kukana kwatha ndipo zimaletsa kusweka. Kupangidwa kwa zinthuzi kumathandiza kwambiri kuti zigwire ntchito bwino m'mikhalidwe yovuta. Kumatsimikizira kulimba komanso nthawi yayitali yogwirira ntchito. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi,Mano a J Seriesamapereka mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yotulukira ndi mawonekedwe olimba komanso olimba. Komabe, mawonekedwe awo otakata angapereke kulowerera kochepa muzinthu zolimba kwambiri kapena zolimba poyerekeza ndi K Series. Izi zikuwonetsa kufunika kogwirizanitsa kapangidwe ka dzino ndi ntchito yake.

Zovala Zenizeni ndi Nthawi Yomwe Munthu Akuyembekezera

Kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ya zinthu zakuthupi, kuchiza kutentha, ndi kapangidwe kake kaukadaulo kumatanthauzira mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito enieni.Mano a Mbalame ya Pambuyo pa Msikatsopano amapereka mawonekedwe a kuwonongeka ndi ziyembekezo za moyo zomwe zingafanane ndi, kapena nthawi zina kupitirira, zida za OEM. Ogwiritsa ntchito amakumana ndi kuwonongeka kochepa msanga komanso kusweka kochepa. Izi zimachepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito komanso ndalama zosamalira. Kulimba bwino kumatanthauza kuti mano amakhalabe olimba kwa nthawi yayitali. Izi zimathandizira kuti kukumba kugwire bwino ntchito komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta panthawi yogwira ntchito. Posankha njira zina zogulira pambuyo pake, ogwira ntchito ayenera kuyang'ana ogulitsa omwe amapereka tsatanetsatane watsatanetsatane ndi zambiri za magwiridwe antchito. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti mano osankhidwawo akukwaniritsa zofunikira za ntchito zawo. Kusankha koyenera kumabweretsa magwiridwe antchito abwino komanso moyo wautali wautumiki m'munda.

Kuonetsetsa Kuti Mano a Caterpillar Akugwirizana Ndi Oyenera

Kuphatikiza Kopanda Msoko ndi Zida za Caterpillar

Kuyenerera bwino ndikofunikira kwambiri pa chida chilichonse chogwirira ntchito pansi. Opanga zinthu zakale amamvetsetsa izi. Amapanga mano awo kuti agwirizane bwino ndi zida za Caterpillar. Izi zikutanthauza kukula kolondola komanso mawonekedwe ake enieni.makina ofanana a pinikapena mapangidwe a bolt. Ogulitsa abwino amagwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zofufuzira ndi ukadaulo wa CAD. Zida izi zimaonetsetsa kuti zinthu zawo zikutsanzira bwino zomwe OEM ikufuna. Kukwanira bwino kumateteza mano ndi chidebe kuti zisawonongeke msanga. Zimathandizanso kuti kapangidwe ka makinawo kakhale kolimba. Ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuyika zinthuzi popanda kusintha. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti zidazo zikugwira ntchito momwe zidapangidwira.

Zotsatira pa Nthawi Yogwira Ntchito kwa Makina

Kugwira ntchito kwa makina kumakhudza mwachindunji ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndi kupanga. Mano abwino kwambiri a ndowa ndi ofunikira pakukumba bwino. Amachepetsanso nthawi yogwira ntchito. Zosankha za pambuyo pa msika zingapereke ndalama zambiri zosungira. Zimapatsabe magwiridwe antchito ofunikira. Ogwira ntchito akasankha mano a pambuyo pa msika mosamala, amaganizira za mphamvu, kulimba, komanso kugwirizana. Izi zimathandiza kusunga magwiridwe antchito apamwamba kwambiri pakukumba ndi kukweza katundu. Chifukwa chake, zimachepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito ndikuwonjezera kupanga. Kusakwanira bwino kapena mano abwinobwino kumapangitsa kuti munthu asinthe nthawi zambiri. Izi zimawonjezera maola okonza ndikuchepetsa magwiridwe antchito. Kusankha mano odalirikaMano a Mbalame ya Pambuyo pa MsikaZimathandiza kuti makina azigwira ntchito bwino pamalo ogwirira ntchito.

Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri Posankha Ogulitsa Mano a Caterpillar Aftermarket

Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri Posankha Ogulitsa Mano a Caterpillar Aftermarket

Mbiri ya Wopanga ndi Kuwongolera Ubwino

Kusankha wogulitsa wodziwika bwino pambuyo pa malonda ndikofunikira kwambiri. Opanga ayenera kukhala ndi njira zowongolera bwino khalidwe. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ziphaso mongaISO9001:2008, ISO9001:2000, ndi ISO/TS16949. Ena ali ndiZikalata za DIN, ASTM, ndi JISKampani yadziko lonse yaukadaulo wapamwamba ingakhalenso ndiSatifiketi ya Patent Yopanga, yomwe idapezedwa mu 2016. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma patent angapo opanga zinthu zatsopano, nthawi zina mpaka asanu ndi atatu. Makampaniwa amaika ndalama m'madipatimenti odziyimira pawokha a R&D kuti apange zinthu zatsopano. Amakhazikitsansokuyang'ana mosamala zinthu zopangira, makina opangidwa mwaluso, ndi njira zochizira kutentha. Gulu lathunthu komanso lokhwima la QC limayang'anira gawo lililonse, kuyambira zinthu zopangira mpaka zinthu zomalizidwa. Amachita kafukufuku wathunthu wa zinthu zomalizidwa asanaperekedwe.

Chitsimikizo, Chithandizo, ndi Kupezeka

Ndondomeko za chitsimikizo cha ogulitsa ndi chithandizo cha makasitomala ndizofunikira kwambiri. Kupezeka ndi nthawi yotsogolera ntchito zimakhudzanso kukonzekera ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, Minter Machinery nthawi zambiri imapereka zinthu zomwe zili m'sitolo mkati mwa sabata imodzi. Zinthu zomwe sizili m'sitolo zimatenga masiku 35-40. Starkea imapereka kutumiza kwabwinobwino mkati mwa masiku 4-7 pazinthu zomwe zili m'sitolo. Pazinthu zambiri,Nthawi zotsogolera za Starkea zimasiyana:

Wogulitsa Nthawi Yotsogolera (Ilipo) Nthawi Yotsogolera (Sizikupezeka) Mikhalidwe
Makina a Minter Mkati mwa sabata imodzi Masiku 35-40 N / A
Starkea Masiku 4-7 Masiku 7 Kuchuluka mpaka 1000 kg
Starkea N / A Masiku 25 Kuchuluka 1001-10000 kg
Starkea N / A Kukambirana Kuchuluka kopitilira 10000 kg
Tsatanetsatane uwu umathandiza ogwira ntchito kukonzekera bwino zogula zawo.      

Kugwirizanitsa Mano ndi Zofunikira Zinazake za Ntchito

Kusankha mbiri yoyenera ya dzino pa ntchitoyo kumawonjezera kugwira ntchito bwino komanso nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito.Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mano imafuna mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mano.

Mkhalidwe Wokumba Mbiri ya Dzino Yolimbikitsidwa Makhalidwe
Dothi Lolimba / Lopindika Mano Olowera Yopingasa, yopapatiza yodulira malo olimba omwe alibe mphamvu zambiri.
Dothi Lotayirira / Kusuntha kwa Dziko Lonse Mano Ogwira Ntchito Zonse Mawonekedwe osalala kwambiri, oyenera kukumba dothi, mchenga, ndi miyala wamba.
Mwachitsanzo,Mano a chimbalangondo ndi owonda komanso akuthwaAmachita bwino kwambiri m'nthaka yolimba, yopapatiza, kapena yozizira. Mano a Twin Tiger ali ndi minga iwiri yakuthwa. Ndi abwino kwambiri pokumba zinthu zolemera komanso pogwira ntchito ya miyala.Mano wambaNdi zokhuthala komanso zazikulu. Zimagwirizana ndi kukumba m'nthaka yapakati.Mano a Chisel ndi osavuta kugwiritsa ntchitoAmagwira ntchito bwino pobowola ndi kukumba zinthu zolimba. Kugwirizanitsa mtundu wa dzino ndi nthaka kumathandiza kuti ligwire bwino ntchito.    

Kuchepetsa Zoopsa Pogula Mano a Caterpillar a Aftermarket

Kuzindikira Ubwino Wotsika ndi Zinthu Zonyenga

Ogula ayenera kukhala maso kuti asagwiritse ntchito zinthu zopanda khalidwe komanso zabodza. Zinthu zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimaoneka zotsika mtengo koma zimalephera msanga. Zingayambitse kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa zipangizo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito isamayende bwino. Yang'anani mosamala zinthuzo kuti zisamakhale bwino, kukula kwake sikufanana, kapena zizindikiro za mtundu wake zomwe sizikupezeka. Nthawi zonse muzifunsa mitengo yomwe imawoneka yabwino kwambiri kuti ikhale yoona. Zigawo zabodza sizikwaniritsa miyezo ya makampani. Zimaika pachiwopsezo chitetezo ndi magwiridwe antchito.

Kumvetsetsa Zotsatira za Chitsimikizo pa Zipangizo

Kugwiritsa ntchito mano a aftermarket kungakhudze chitsimikizo cha zida. Caterpillar imati siili ndi udindo pa kulephera kwa zomangira kapena zigawo zomwe sizigulitsa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mano a aftermarket kungachotse chitsimikizo choyambirira cha zida ngati kulephera kuchitika chifukwa cha zigawozi. Wogulitsa zida aftermarket, Xtreme Wear Parts, amalangiza makasitomala kuti ayang'ane chitsimikizo chawo chokhudza zigawo za aftermarket. Amalangiza kulankhulana ndi wopanga kuti atsatire zofunikira za chitsimikizo. Mapangano ena obwereketsa amaletsanso zida zosagwiritsa ntchito OEM.

OEM GET yeniyeni yokha ndiyo yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Gawoli likuletsa mwachindunji kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosagwiritsa ntchito OEM.

Kufunika kwa Ogulitsa Odalirika

Kusankha wogulitsa wodalirika kumachepetsa zoopsa. Ogulitsa odalirika akuwonetsaluso laukadauloAmapereka mayankho apadera ndipo amamvetsetsa sayansi ya zinthu zakuthupi. Amadzipereka kuthetsa mavuto a makasitomala, ngakhale kupereka mayankho apadera pakafunika kutero. Kuwonekera bwino pa ntchito ndi machitidwe othandizira olimba ndikofunikira kwambiri. Izi zikuphatikizapo chitsimikizo champhamvu ndi ukatswiri waukadaulo womwe ungapezeke mosavuta. Yang'anani mbiri yotsimikizika ya kupambana.

Ogulitsa odalirika amagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zapamwamba kwambiri. Amagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera zopangira ndi kutentha. Amapereka zinthu zowonekera bwino, monga manganese, chromium, ndi boron alloys. Amatsimikiziranso kuti induction imalimba mozama komanso mofanana. Ogulitsa omwe ali ndi mapangidwe atsopano, osati kungosintha njira, amapereka mtengo wabwino.Zikalata zovomerezeka monga ISO 9001zikusonyeza kuti wogulitsa akukwaniritsa miyezo yotsimikizika ya khalidwe. ISO 9001 ikutsimikizira makampani kuti ogulitsa amatsatira miyezo ndi njira zovomerezeka. Machitidwe awo oyang'anira amawunikidwa nthawi zonse ndikuwongolera.


Mano a Caterpillar a Aftermarket amapereka njira yabwino komanso yopindulitsa mu 2025. Amapulumutsa ndalama zambiri popandakusiya kuchita bwino kwambiriKafukufuku wozama komanso kufufuza bwino kwa ogulitsa ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti zinthu ziyende bwino. Kugwirizanitsa zinthu zomwe zagulitsidwa kale ndi zosowa zinazake kumabweretsa phindu komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino.

FAQ

Kodi mano a Caterpillar omwe agulitsidwa pamsika ndi olimba ngati a OEM?

Inde, mano ambiri ogulitsidwa pambuyo pake amakhala olimba mofanana kapena apamwamba. Opanga amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono komanso mankhwala otentha. Izi zimatseka kusiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito ndi zida za OEM.

Kodi mano a Caterpillar omwe agulitsidwa pambuyo pake angandipulumutse bwanji?

Zosankha za malonda atatha nthawi zambiri zimapulumutsa ogula ndi 15 mpaka 30 peresenti pamtengo wogulira mwachindunji. Kusunga kumeneku kumachokera ku ndalama zochepa komanso kupanga zinthu zapadera.

Kodi mano ogulitsidwa pambuyo pake adzakwanira zida zanga za Caterpillar?

Ogulitsa zinthu zapamwamba atatha kugulitsidwa amapanga mano kuti agwirizane bwino. Amagwiritsa ntchito miyeso yolondola komanso makina ofanana a mapini. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti manowo akugwirizana bwino popanda kusintha.


Lowani

woyang'anira
85% ya zinthu zathu zimatumizidwa kumayiko aku Europe ndi America, tikudziwa bwino misika yathu yomwe tikufuna kugulitsa ndi zaka 16 zomwe takumana nazo potumiza kunja. Avereji ya mphamvu zathu zopangira ndi 5000T chaka chilichonse mpaka pano.

Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-25-2025